1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164 
How to Lengthen THE LIFE OF THE VEHICLE
Page 94
Page 95
If you've noticed an error in this article please click here to report it so we can fix it.
Simple but Effective Means by Which Wear Can Be Made Good
THE operation of a commercial vehicle is vastly different from that of a private car, for the reason-that, in the majority of cases, it covers a mileage immensely greater— often more in a single year than the private car runs in its normal working life. In many instances the livelihood of the user of a vehicle depends upon its reliability, whilst its length of life is reflected in the operating costs.
Not very long ago the repair charges upon an aged vehicle would become so great as to nullify any advantage obtained through the lengthening of its life, but this does not apply with such great force to-day, when nearly every part of a vehicle can be repaired or renewed at a comparatively low figure. Take:, for instance, the engine. Here, perhaps, the most serious wear occurs
, in the cylinders and pistons. The method of boring out and fitting larger pistons is still often, adopted, but increasing use is being made of cylinder liners, which are either fitted when the vehicle is new, in which case repair can be effected merely by driving out the old sleeve and fitting a new one, or by carrying out the work later in the life of the vehicle and boring out the cylinders for the fitting of the thin sleeves. Amongst the most successful of these liners are the centrifugally east types tnade in Chromidium and Durocyl by The Midland Motor Cylinder Co., Ltd. Chromidium is an unhardened material of the same composition as that utilized for Midland cylinder, blocks and heads. whilst Durocyl is a hardened material designed especially to resist eylindor wear.
Then we have the very successful centrifugally cast cylinder liners in Nitricastiron, which are made by the Sheepbridge Stokes Centrifugal Castings Co., Ltd. These liners are made of uspecial alloy, which can be hardened by the nitrogen process, the bore cur c44
face of the liners being ground and submitted to the action of anhydrous ammonia gas at the low temperature of 500 degrees C., the exposed surface thereby acquiring an intense hardness of over 900 Brinell. The breaking strength is greatly increased, and the material is much more rigid and resistent to deformation. Long tests have shown no higher wear than .001-in. for 20,000 miles of running.
Laystall hardened steel liners, supplied by the Laystall Motor Engineering Works, Ltd., also have proved excel lent in service. Their hardness and high polish greatly reduce piston wear. For very high-efficiency engines Nitralboy steel liners are fitted by this company.
A considerable amount of commercialvehicle work in the way of cylinder re lining is carried out by Barimar, Ltd., which, like Laystalls, can also fit speciq lightweight cast-iron .pistons.
That well-known concern the British Piston Ring Co., Ltd., now specializes in the Brice, hardened, centrifugally chill-cast liners which are claimed to maintain the same cylinder bore throughout the life of an engine. Many r: f these are now being fitted to new power units.
A frequent trouble with some engines Is rapid burning or wear of the valve seats. Barimar, Ltd., specializes in such work, welding tough, long-wearing metal into the worn seatings and then machining them to their original size.
A number of concerns produces valve inserts which are merely driven into the bored-out seating or are sometimes locked in some special manner, as in the case of the Centrilock supplied by the Sheepbridge Stokes Centrifugal Castings Co., Ltd. Amongst the seat inserts relying solely upon fine limits of fitting are those produced by Wellworthy, Ltd.
In the past a lot of trouble was experienced through removable seats becoming loose, halt this appears to have been overcome, and the most important makers of vehicles are favouring this method of repair.
Valves always repay attention, and if it be found that their life is short, they should be made of some special steels, such as those produced by Hadfields, Ltd.
Where wear is not excessive, but the oil consumption appears to be unduly high special oil-sealing rings can be obtained. Examples of these are the Aero, Brie°. Clupet, Wellworthy and Perfect Circle.
It is quite apparent from the noise made by many engines that the timing gear is in need of attention, the silent or roller chains sometimes require renewal, but occasionally automatic or other tensioning devices may merely require adjustment. It does not do to take risks, however, and, now, chains are not a very expensive item.
In the white-metalling of beatings for the big-ends or " mains" it is vitally important to utilize the finest materials. In this connection the Glacier Metal Co., Ltd., can supply Findlay's motor metals in ingot form, or finished bearings of bronze-backed white metal machined to most accurate limits. The latest product of the company, however, is the steel-backed bearing finished with a very thin liner of white metal. Much use of this type of bearing is now being made by the trade, and particularly, of course, for compression-ignition engines.
Bearing metals suitable for any purpose connected with the maintenance of motor vehicles can also be obtained from the Anti-Attrition Metal Co., Ltd., the Hoyt Metal Co. of Great Britain, Ltd., and Johnsteads Engineering Co., Ltd.
Brake maintenance constitutes quite an expensive item in some vehicles, but it can be kept comparatively •low by utilizing good-quality liners for the brake drums, provided, of course, that suitable friction material be employed. These liners are made in various materials, of which one of the most satisfactory has proved to be the hardened steel employed by the Laystall Motor Engineering Works, Ltd. This material will neither wear nor score, and greatly lengthens the life of the brake fabric.
Another special type of liner is made by the Dartford Engineering Co., Ltd.
A difficulty which often occurs with ball and roller bearings is that the races turn in their housings and cause wear. There are also many other parts of a vehicle which recmire close fitting, but are not subjected, in the ordinary way, to high-speed running friction as with a bearing. We allude to such parts as spring pins. In such cases Fescolizing may often prove a highly satisfactory method of building up the worn parts. The nickel deposited is extremely hard and tenacious, and has, in fact, proved successful on crankshaft journals.
The repair of ball and roller bearings is not to be recommended unless undertaken by experts, but, where satisfactorily carried out, it may enable a big reduction to be made in repair bills. One concern which has carried out this work for a number of years with considerable success is the Universal Ball Bearing Co., which can also, when desired, supply new replacement bearings of all makes.
The length of life of any vehicle depends, to a very great extent, on the way in which it is lubricated. At one time it was the fashion to smother the chassis with lubricators and to trust to luck that the greaser would find them all. Nowadays exactly the opposite is adopted, The lubricators are made as few in number as possible and are usually situated in groups in some accessible positions. If any trouble occurs with old-fashioned equipment such experts as Benton and Stone, Ltd.' Ripaults. Ltd., or Tecalemit, Ltd., should be consulted.
CYLINDER LINERS.
Barimar, Ltd., 18 Lamb's Conduit Street, London, W.C.1. British Piston Ring Co., Ltd. (Brim), Holbrook Lane, Coventry. The Laystall Motor Engineering Works, Ltd.(Nitralloy), Ewer Street, London, S.E.1. The Midland Motor Cylinder CO., Ltd. (Chromidium and Duroey)), Birinid Works, Smethwick, near Bir
mingham. Sheepbridge Stokes Centrifugal Castings Co., Ltd. (Nitric.astiron), Sheepbridge Works, Chesterfield.
VALVE-SEAT INSERTS OR REPAIRS. Barimar, Ltd. (Welding), 18, Lamb's Conduit
Street, London, W.C.1. Sheepbridge Stokes Centrifugal Castings Co., Ltd. (Centrilockl, 8heepbridge Works, Chesterfield. Wellwertby, Ltd. (Wellworthy), Radial Works, Lymington, Hants.
VALVES.
Brown Bros., Ltd., 22, Great Eastern Street, London, E.C.2. Haditelds, Ltd., Heels, Works, Sheffield. Hepworth and Grandage, Ltd., St. John's Works, Bradford. James, W. G., Ltd. (Crypto), 14, Mortimer Street, London, W.1. The Laystall Motor Engineering Works, Ltd., Ewer Street, London, S.E.1. Valise, Ltd., Quinton Road, Coventry.
OIL SEALING RINGS.
Aero Piston Ring Co., Ltd. (Aero), St. Peter's Place, York Street, Leeds. British Piston Ring Co., Ltd. (Brim), Holbrook Lane, Coventry. The Clews Peterson Piston Ring and Engineering Co., Ltd. (Olivet), West Heath Works, Mill Lane, West Hampstead, London, N.W.6. Perfect Circle Co., Ltd. (Perfect Circle), 10, Store Street, London, W.C.1. Wellworthy, Ltd. (Wellworthy), Radial Works, Lymingtan, Hants.
REARING MATERIALS.
Anti-Attrition Metal Co., Ltd., Glengall Road, London, S.E.13. The Glacier Metal Co., Ltd. (Findlays), Ealing Road, Alperton, Wembley, London. Hoyt Metal CO., Ltd., 103, Deodar Road, London, S.W.15. Johnsteads Engineering Co., Ltd., Coronation Road, Park -Royal, London, N.W.10..
BRAKE-DRUM LINERS.
Dartford Automobile Engineering Works, Powder Mill Lane, Dartiord. The Laystall Motor Engineering Works, Ltd., Ewer Street, London, 8.E.1.
BUILDING UP WORN PARTS. Barimar, Ltd, (Welding). 18, Lamb's Condnit Street, London, W.0.1. Petrol, Ltd. (Fescoliaing), 101, GTOSTeDOr Road, S.W.1.
BALL-BEARING REPAIRS. Universal Ball Bearing Co., 111-115, The Grove, Hammersmith, 'London, W.6.
LUBRICATORS.
Benton., and Stone, Ltd., Bracebridge Street, Birmingham. Ripaults, Ltd., 1, Ring's Road, St. Pancras, London, N.W.1. Tecalereit, Ltd., Great West Road, Brentford.