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268 
THE VENTILATION OF ENGINE CRANKCASES.
Page 180
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A Résumé of Recently Published Patent Specifications.
TN their specification, No. 255,440, _IGeneral Motors Corporation, of America, points out that, when an ins ternal-combustion engine is working, water (which is one of the products of combustion) and unburnt particles of fuel from the combustion chamber will leak past the piston rings, usually in the form of vapour or gas. which when it reaches the lower temperature of the comparatively cool crankcase, will condense and mingle with the oil. The lubricating properties of the oil are thus much impaired and the life of a motor is greatly shortened. The present invention has for its object to overcome these difficulties by utilizing the pumping effect of the rotating crankshaft to induce air to flow into the crankcase and to find its way, first to the piston and then to some means of exit, as shown by arrows, and to carry with it the products of combustion. The ports through which the air escapes are in the neighbourhood of the valves, and the oily atmosphere as it passes them helps as a lubricant for the valve-gear.
A Treatment for Brake-lining Fibre.
A METHOD of treating such fibrous
materials as Ferodo is described by the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd., in their specification, No. 278,465, which will enable the Ferodo to retain its gripping power in the presence of moisture, The specification points out that such substances usually, to an appreciable degree, lose their grip upon the metal drum to which they are applied for the purpose of inducing friction, when moisture such as rain or condensation finds its way to the surfaces in contact. The agent they describe may be applied to a brake, or it may be incorporated in the composition of which the brake lining is built up during the process of manufacture.
The following example is given:— If the product obtained by sulphonat c42 ing 84 parts of the liquid SO s extract of Borneo petroleum with 92 parts of sulphuric acid monohydrate and condensing with j76 parts of isopropyl alcohol and 53 parts of sulphuric acid, is added in the form of its neutral sodium salt to a braking surface consisting, e.g., of the bonded asbestos sold under the, registered trade mark "Ferodo," it th found that the degree and duration of the initial slipping effect, and so less of braking efficiency due to the presence of water on the surface, is reduced to a remarkable extent, and is followed by an increase in the braking power of the surface, even in the presence of 'moisture, far above that possessed by dry Ferodo not so treated.
A Constantinesco Unidirectional Driving Device.
WHAT with devices for converting oscillatory motion into an intermittent rotary drive and efforts in the direction of providing a satisfactory unidirectional drive for the free-wheel movement, we may expect to see the inventive brains of the country, for some time, directed towards the provision of a silent ratchet.
The name of George Constantinesco, already well known in connection with this class of device, appears again in patent No. 278,427, where an inner member and an outer member are locked together by means of a pair of rollers acting one against the other as shown in both views. One of the features of the invention is that both inner and outer member are in the nature of plain circles and have no cam-like projections. The sum of the diameters of the two rollers is slightly in excess of the space Which separates the outer from the inner member, so that movement in the direction of the arrow will tend to jam the rollers and cause a coupling of one member to the other when relative movement is in one direction only and will permit of slipping when the relative movement is reversed. The lower view shows large rolleris which are placed at intervals around the circle—apparently for the purpose of steadying the outer member when in the slipping position.
Springs in the form of a Ti may be inserted between the rollers as shown, for the purpose of inducing the latter to start gripping.
Varying the Proportion of Power to Rear and Front Brakes.
THERE are certain conditions of road
surface which are more favourable to the use of rear brakes than front brakes, and it is with the idea of varying the exact proportion of retardation of either brake suitable to the prevailing conditions that the present invention deals. Johannes Plum, a Dane, resident in America, in specification No. 278,422, describes his invention as follows. In a four-wheel braking system which is operated by a single source of power be provides 'a whippletree or compensating beam, the ends of which are attached to levers on rocking shafts, each operating one set of brakes. As shown in the lower view, that on the right operated the
front-wheel brakes, whilst that on the left is connected to the rear. brakes_ The point of attachment of the pull-rod connected to the brake pedal, or other source of power, is slidahle along the compensating beam, so that when it is in the centre the brakes receive an equal share of the power, hut when moved towards either end the brake nearest to the point of attachment will be operated with greater force than the other. The beam is formed in a curve so that the tension on the pull-rod shall not be effected by a change of position along the beam. The movement of the point of attachment is effected by means of a cable in one . direction and a spring in the other direction. The cable is operated by a ratcheted rack.
A Low-decked Trailer. •
AMONGST the various forms of trailer described in the specification of Ralph Eric Herbert Allen, of the Air Ministry, No. 278,082, is one for carrying articles that would be inconveniently high if carried on a platform of ordinary height, or what is called on railways a " crocodile" truck. Stub axles and steering arms are provided to both front and rear wheels, so that articles of unusual length can be carried, both front and rear wheels following in the tracks of the tractor.